Peritonitis - secondary

Secondary peritonitis

Secondary peritonitis has several major causes.

• Bacteria may enter the peritoneum through a hole (perforation) in an of the organ digestive tract. The hole may be caused by a ruptured appendix, stomach ulcer, or perforated colon. It may also come from an injury, such as a gunshot or knife wound.
• Bile or chemicals released by the pancreas may leak into the abdominal cavity. This may be caused by sudden swelling and inflammation of the pancreas.
• Tubes or catheters placed into the abdomen may cause this problem. These include catheters for peritoneal dialysis, feeding tubes, and others.

An infection of the bloodstream (sepsis) may lead to an infection in the abdomen also. This is a severe illness.

This tissue may become infected when there is no clear cause.

Necrotizing enterocolitis occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies. This problem nearly always develops in an infant who is ill or born early.

Symptoms include:

• Swollen abdomen when your belly area is bigger than usual
• Abdominal pain
• Decreased appetite
• Fever
• Low urine output
• Nausea
• Thirst
• Vomiting

Note: There may be signs of shock.

During a physical exam, the health care provider may notice abnormal vital signs with fever, rapid heart rate and breathing, and low blood pressure.

Tests may include:

• Blood culture
• Blood chemistry, including pancreatic enzymes
• Complete blood count
• Liver and kidney function tests
• X-rays or CT scan
• Peritoneal fluid culture
• Urinalysis

Often, surgery is needed to remove or treat sources of infection. These may be an infected bowel, an inflamed appendix, or an abscess.

General treatment includes:

• Antibiotics
• Fluids through a vein (IV)
• Pain medicines
• Tube through the nose into the stomach or intestine (nasogastric or NG tube)

The outcome can range from complete recovery to overwhelming infection and death. Factors that determine the outcome include:

• How long the symptoms were present before treatment began
• The person's general health

Complications may include:

• Abscess
• Gangrene (dead) bowel
• Intraperitoneal adhesions (a potential cause of future bowel blockage)
• Septic shock

Call your provider if you have symptoms of peritonitis. This is a serious condition. It needs emergency treatment in most cases.